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January 4, 2022

Best Non-Toxic Cookware You Can Buy Right Now

Filed under: Fitness — Tags: , , — admin @ 10:23 pm

What do perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) all share in common besides a first letter and some pretty nefarious-looking syllables? They’re all synthetic materials commonly found in cookware—largely for nonstick coating purposes. For years, they’ve been presented to us as one of the greatest modern-day kitchen conveniences. The issue here? Simply put, many of these types of chemicals have been linked to everything from cancer and liver injury to growth, development, and reproductive harm. They also don’t break down, so they’re horrible for the environment. You want to stock your kitchen with non-toxic cookware.

Perfluorochemicals (PFC) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are two more P’s you’ve likely come across (knowingly or not) related to chemicals found in cookware coatings and other products for their miraculous stick and stain resistance. In 2016, the FDA removed approval for use of PFC (PFAS is sometimes used interchangeably with PFC) in food packaging.

While all of these interrelated P’s may sound like gobbledygook to you—and what’s the big deal if it makes omelets slide off the pan like magic?—these synthetic substances generally aren’t things you want to be gobbling up with your dinner. PFOA, for instance, is believed to be a human carcinogen also associated with kidney damage, reproductive problems in animals, and weakened immune responses in children.

Steering clear of such chemicals is a good idea—but researching non-carcinogenic pots, pans, Dutch ovens, and the like is about as fun as watching lead-free paint dry. That’s why we’ve done the heavy lifting for you. Here’s a lineup of non-toxic cookware (e.g. PFAS-, PFC-, PFOA-, PTFE-, and P-whatever-else-free) that your stove and stomach will thank you for.

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October 16, 2021

Protein Powerhouse: Gluten-Free Mexican Scotch Eggs

Filed under: Fitness — Tags: , — admin @ 11:26 pm

Breaking Muscle is the fitness world’s preeminent destination for timely, high-quality information on exercise, fitness, health, and nutrition. Our audience encompasses the entire spectrum of the fitness community: consumers, aficionados, fitness professionals, and business owners. We seek to inform, educate and advocate for this community.

Have a question or comment? Get in touch:
Email us: info[at]breakingmuscle.com

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Mash for GAINZ: 4 Simple Recipes for Performance

Filed under: Fitness — Tags: , — admin @ 11:23 pm

Breaking Muscle is the fitness world’s preeminent destination for timely, high-quality information on exercise, fitness, health, and nutrition. Our audience encompasses the entire spectrum of the fitness community: consumers, aficionados, fitness professionals, and business owners. We seek to inform, educate and advocate for this community.

Have a question or comment? Get in touch:
Email us: info[at]breakingmuscle.com

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CrossFitters: The 3 Letters You Need to Know in Supplements

Filed under: Fitness — Tags: , — admin @ 11:13 pm

“If you had to choose one supplement to take for performance, what it would be?” I’m often asked this question. Amid the myriad of information and bro-science out there it is hard to grasp which supplements can offer you the most bang for your buck.

CrossFit, the Sport of Fitness, is ever evolving. Competitors are getting fitter, faster, and stronger, and the standards of competition are improving all the time. Because of this, we need a better understanding of how to maximize training potential. As training volume and intensity increase, so does our need to improve our nutrition to fuel and recover from workouts more effectively. This is where supplements play a vital role.

Nutrition for Optimal Performance

There are no truly essential supplements. They are called “supplements” for a reason – in general, they are meant as an addition your diet. They are not meant to replace meals or nutrients that you can get from whole foods or healthy sources.

I find it hard to pinpoint one supplement I would recommend for performance, so instead I think in terms of nutrition for optimal performance. For this, you have three key areas – pre-workout, post-workout, and intra-workout.

“[I]f you take your CrossFit performance seriously, I would strongly consider adding these three key supplements into your nutrition plan.

Supplementing correctly at these times can have positive effects on performance including:

  • Increasing work capacity
  • Reducing recovery between rounds, intervals, or sets
  • Improving tolerance to volume of training
  • Improving recovery between sessions

I’ve put together a list of the three main supplements to take at these key times, and ranked them in terms of:

  • How well they work (from both personal experience and performance in studies)
  • How well researched they are
  • How cost effective they are.

As it turns out, choosing supplements really is as simple as ABC.

A – Amino Acids

This could just as easily have been “P” for protein, but then it wouldn’t have been as catchy as ABC. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, and protein intake plays a huge role in both body composition and recovery from exercise.

Supplementing with protein or branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) can help prevent muscle breakdown during exercise and has been shown to improve recovery, decrease muscle soreness, and improve body composition.1,2

The most commonly supplemented amino acid is leucine (a branched chain amino acid that is prominent in whey protein powders). Leucine plays a significant role in building muscle tissue. It can be found in many food sources, but is generally found in higher concentrations in whey and dairy products, making these ideal to improve muscle growth and repair.

From a performance point of view, supplementing with whey protein or amino acids has been shown to:3,4,5

  • Improve muscular recovery from exercise
  • Improve muscle retention during weight loss
  • Improve muscle gains when combined with resistance exercise
  • Reduce muscle soreness and improved recovery

There have also been studies linked with the use of BCAAs pre-workout to improve workout intensity and lower levels of fatigue induced by exercise.2,6

“Amid the myriad marketing information and bro-science out there it is hard to grasp which supplements can offer you the most bang for your buck.

Whey protein is often advised to be taken directly after training to improve recovery from sessions. However, whey protein could be equally advisable pre-training. As it is fast digesting, it allows amino acids to be broken down and released into the blood stream quickly, making the amino acids available for the muscles to use when needed during the session.

BCAA supplementation is equally as versatile, as BCAAs can be beneficial when used pre-training, intra-training, or post-training depending on your goals. BCAA supplementation can prevent muscle breakdown if taken intra-workout and can also prevent catabolism if taken post workout. This can be especially useful if you are on a calorie deficit to lose weight, but do not want to lose muscle mass. 

B – Beta-Alanine

Beta-alanine is referred to as a lactic acid buffer and can prevent the build-up of metabolic by-products that occur at high exercise intensities. Supplementing with beta-alanine can also aid the removal of these by-products from our muscles and the bloodstream when the by-products reach thresholds that start to limit performance.

Beta-alanine works by increasing intramuscular levels of carnosine. Carnosine is released into the bloodstream when our blood levels become more acidic and helps to prevent a build-up of the hydrogen ions (which cause the acidity in the blood) that cause our muscles to burn. So higher levels of carnosine in the blood will prevent, or at least delay the onset of, that burning sensation and allow us to work harder for longer. Beta-alanine has proven to be particularly effective in improving performance and power output in bouts of exercise that last between one and four minutes.7,8

crossfit, crossfit competition, crossfit athlete

crossfit, crossfit competition, crossfit athlete

Beta-alanine is often prescribed as a pre-workout supplement. But the supplementation of beta-alanine is not time dependant, so it could be taken in dosages throughout the day. The main reason it is taken pre-workout is so it can coincide with creatine supplementation (see below) for added synergistic effects on training performance.

In terms of dosage, beta-alanine is most effective in the 2-5g per day range. Larger doses can cause tingling sensations (a harmless side effect). This can be avoided by breaking up the dosage into smaller servings.

C – Creatine Monohydrate

Creatine is one of the most widely researched sports supplements and has a reputation for improving performance in high intensity exercise (especially interval training).9,10 Creatine can improve performance in any event that requires explosive bursts of power. These short bursts of energy are fueled by our creatine phosphate system, and this energy system is only effective for six to ten seconds of high intensity activity before our creatine stores are depleted. During our recovery periods our creatine stores are replenished.

Supplementing with creatine can help with this process twofold. It can top up our creatine stores, meaning it will take longer for our creatine levels to deplete in the first place, as well as replace the creatine used during the activity more quickly.

“There are no truly essential supplements. They are called ‘supplements’ for a reason – in general, they are meant as an addition your diet.

From a performance standpoint, supplementing with creatine monohydrate translates to:11

  • Improved strength and power
  • Improved recovery between rounds and sessions
  • Faster sprint times
  • Improved hydration levels
  • Decreased fatigue in training

Most creatine supplementation protocols promote a loading phase that is used for quicker saturation of the cells. After this saturation period, it is common for a dosage of 5g per day to be employed. This saturation can be achieved more simply by taking a dose of between 2-5g both pre- and post-training consistently. Using this latter strategy allows for the synergistic benefits of supplementing alongside beta-alanine (pre) and whey protein (post) to improve performance and recovery further.

Benefits for Any CrossFitter

This is by no means is not a comprehensive list or what I would recommend to everyone. However, if you take your CrossFit performance seriously, I would strongly consider adding these three key supplements into your nutrition plan.

Check out these related articles:

References:

1. Bigard AX, Lavier P, Ullmann L, Legrand H, Douce P, Guezennec CY. – Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during repeated prolonged skiing exercises at altitude. Int J Sport Nutr. 1996 Sep;6(3):295-306.

2. Shimizu M, Miyagawa K, Iwashita S, Noda T, Hamada K, Genno H, Nose H. – Energy expenditure during 2-day trail walking in the mountains (2,857 m) and the effects of amino acid supplementation in older men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012 Mar;112(3):1077-86. doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-2057-2. Epub 2011 Jul 9.

3. Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Tranchina CP, Rashti SL, Kang J, Faigenbaum AD. – Effect of protein-supplement timing on strength, power, and body-composition changes in resistance-trained men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009 Apr;19(2):172-85.

4. Kerksick CM, Rasmussen CJ, Lancaster SL, Magu B, Smith P, Melton C, Greenwood M, Almada AL, Earnest CP, Kreider RB. – The effects of protein and amino acid supplementation on performance and training adaptations during ten weeks of resistance training. J Strength Cond Res. 2006 Aug;20(3):643-53.

5. Andersen LL, Tufekovic G, Zebis MK, Crameri RM, Verlaan G, Kjaer M, Suetta C, Magnusson P, Aagaard P. – The effect of resistance training combined with timed ingestion of protein on muscle fiber size and muscle strength. Metabolism. 2005 Feb;54(2):151-6.

6. Blomstrand E, Hassmén P, Ek S, Ekblom B, Newsholme EA. – Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on perceived exertion during exercise. Acta Physiol Scand. 1997 Jan;159(1):41-9.

7. Zoeller RF, Stout JR, O’kroy JA, Torok DJ, Mielke M. – Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power, ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and time to exhaustion. Amino Acids. 2007 Sep;33(3):505-10. Epub 2006 Sep 5.

8. Stout JR, Cramer JT, Zoeller RF, Torok D, Costa P, Hoffman JR, Harris RC, O’Kroy J. – Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women. Amino Acids. 2007;32(3):381-6. Epub 2006 Nov 30.

9. Graef JL, Smith AE, Kendall KL, Fukuda DH, Moon JR, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR. – The effects of four weeks of creatine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009 Nov 12;6:18. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-6-18.

10. Juhász I, Györe I, Csende Z, Rácz L, Tihanyi J. – Creatine supplementation improves the anaerobic performance of elite junior fin swimmers. Acta Physiol Hung. 2009 Sep;96(3):325-36. doi: 10.1556/APhysiol.96.2009.3.6.

11. Kendall KL, Smith AE, Graef JL, Fukuda DH, Moon JR, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR. – Effects of four weeks of high-intensity interval training and creatine supplementation on critical power and anaerobic working capacity in college-aged men. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Sep;23(6):1663-9. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b1fd1f.

Photos 1 and 3 courtesy of CrossFit Los Angeles.

Photo 2 courtesy of Shutterstock.

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July 19, 2021

Tapping Into the Power of Identity Is the Secret to Sustainable Fitness

My dad began waking up my older brother and me a few days a week to practice karate and lift weights in the basement in elementary school. While I wouldn’t recommend starting eight-year-olds on weights, these experiences had a lasting impact on me.

I’ll never forget my father bragging to other adults about how much I could lift. This bragging became a point of pride that stoked my confidence and gave me an identity that I wanted to keep.

 

 

Read Tapping Into the Power of Identity Is the Secret to Sustainable Fitness at its original source Breaking Muscle:

https://breakingmuscle.com/fitness/tapping-into-the-power-of-identity-is-the-secret-to-sustainable-fitness

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July 4, 2021

12 Rules to Optimize Your Health for a 21st Century Mindset

Recently, I noticed I had a bad habit of pulling out my phone every time I used the bathroom. It was automatic. I’d head to the urinal, aim, and scroll. After nearly dropping my phone into the bowl one day, I decided that this habit was a problem.

So, I made a rule: No looking at my phone while in the bathroom.

Read 12 Rules to Optimize Your Health for a 21st Century Mindset at its original source Breaking Muscle:

https://breakingmuscle.com/fitness/12-rules-to-optimize-your-health-for-a-21st-century-mindset

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June 14, 2021

An Intro to Daily Undulating Periodization

So you’ve been hitting the gym for a few years, you’ve had some fantastic results at times, but you feel like your progress has stalled. You reach the same point and don’t seem to be getting any stronger, you’re not building muscle, and it’s hard to stay motivated. Sound familiar? Well, you’re not alone.

Now, this could be for a couple of reasons:

Read An Intro to Daily Undulating Periodization at its original source Breaking Muscle:

https://breakingmuscle.com/fitness/an-intro-to-daily-undulating-periodization

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June 1, 2021

I Challenge You to Train Like a Human

Summer is near, and you’ve felt caged for far too long. No, I’m not talking about the quarantine. I mean locked in your life—the 9-5 job, the commute, the nightly TV, and a disciplined workout routine. It is all so typical and, yet, so inhuman.

Throughout most of human history, there has been no need to work out. Life did that for you. Between hunting, foraging, building, climbing, and playing, burning calories was never a concern.

Read I Challenge You to Train Like a Human at its original source Breaking Muscle:

https://breakingmuscle.com/fitness/i-challenge-you-to-train-like-a-human

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March 16, 2021

The Yin and Yang in Strength Training to Optimize Balance

I started writing for Breaking Muscle several years back, and I have had an agenda the entire time. In an attempt to get me established as someone with some strength chops, the good folks on the editing team thought it would be a better idea to ease up on the articles centered around the mysterious, esoteric, and unconventional.

“Help them understand you know what you are talking about when it comes to training, and then they will be more willing to listen to some of your more fringe ideas.”

I wrote an original piece, What’s Daoism Got To Do With It? which was a first attempt at offering up some of these ideas. This article was my underhand toss to this community on some heavy ideas. 

Well, I’ve waited long enough, and it’s officially time for my freak flag to fly.

I’m about to give you the cliff notes to a much larger project I have been working on since I was conducting clinical research for my Medical Qigong doctorate over 13 years ago. 

What you are about to read is real.

Yes, some elements will feel fantastic and whimsical and moments where you will think I’m taking a form of artistic license with my claims. And you couldn’t be further from the truth.

Much of what I will present today have all been proven in studies—if you are inclined to look.

This short dissertation is the exact phrasing I use with my patients who come to see me for help with a medical concern and don’t have a tremendous understanding of Qigong or Chinese medicine in general.

But, you get to look at the world I live in through the strength lens and not the healing lens: even though you will quickly find they are not independent of one another. So sit back, and listen to some ideas that you likely have never heard before. 

Everything is Energy

Okay, well, most of you have probably heard that, but it’s a fundamental concept that needs to be accepted if we will make any headway with all of this. The good news is, any high school physics book will confirm this if you need convincing. That computer/phone screen you are looking at, the shoes you are wearing, the water in the ocean, and the stars in the sky are all energy. You are, in fact, energy.

Everything that is material in this world, everything that is not, and everything in between is, you guessed it, energy differentiating by tone, vibration, and quality.

Neo in The Matrix, the moment he is brought back to life by Trinity with the kiss and through the eyes of the one, sees the world as it indeed looks like a fantastic cornucopia of lights and colors beyond description. 

Yin and Yang

With that being said, we may learn the most fundamental understanding of this through the image of yin and yang: you know, the two teardrops that have come together to represent duality, the circle of life, and the expression of opposites.

The yin and yang are established right around the first cellular division after the moment of conception.

We Daoists believe that in many ways, that moment is as important, if not more important, than when the sperm hits the egg. That division is where yin and yang take form, where every child’s virtues are escorted in, and software of the divine spirit begins to run its program. 

In that moment, and all through gestation, the developing child is in a nuclear nirvana of sorts that can only be disturbed by excessive stressors that the mother is enduring.

I like to think that the yin and yang of that being are in total balance, and perfection (in almost all cases) has been achieved and maintained for nine months. 

Before we go much further, we probably should give you a quick explanation of what this whole yin and yang thing is. But first, it’s yin, not ying with a G. And it’s yang as in yawn—not yang and dang. When was the last time you heard someone say daaaang and mean it? Joe Dirt said it a couple of times, and probably one of your hillbilly friends, right. Well, for those of us in this business who hear that, immediately see the hillbilly friend in you when we listen to you say ying and yaaaang!

Forgive me, but it needed to be said. 

For this article, yin and yang will be defined as the quality of the energy we are talking about:

  1. Yin represents female, calm, cool, the shadow side of the mountain, the moon.
  2. Yang is male, aggressive, hot, on the light side of the mountain, the stars. Inside of every single atom in your body lies these qualities.

Gather up all the atoms, and we have you, and during the time you are in the cozy confines of mommy’s tummy, all is balanced, as balance pertains to you individually.

My balance is different than yours, but it is understood and accepted that this balance exists to some degree in all of us

In moments of true balance, everything in the body works beautifully. All systems are tuned to the maximum, and during that nine months, the miracle of life is taking shape. And then, you take your first breath. 

It’s a Boy

Those words are followed by one of the most blood-curdling screams that you will ever hear. I know it well. I’ve heard that scream three times. I was in a position with our doctor when the entire process happened for my wife and our kids, and I remember that sound. Many people think that is inherently reflexive, and it’s the baby’s way of announcing that he or she has arrived.

But I have a different theory

If everything is energy, and energy cannot be destroyed, think about the room the woman is in having one of the most cataclysmic events of her life. Then think of the woman that was there before her, and then the one before that. Over time, that room becomes a petri dish of emotion and the electrical charge as those events soak into the walls.

Think of how the dad feels (I can only speak for myself, but I was a nervous wreck for each delivery, probably more so than my incredible wife). Think of how jacked up the doctor and hospital staff is at the moment the pushing gets going. 

Come back to the mom’s true love, elation, excruciating pain, fear, joy, terror, and all the most explosive emotions of which a human is capable are permeating into every square inch of that room. 

Baby has spent approximately nine months in the most glorious environment he/she will ever know, and in one breath, all that energy of the room is taken-in for their first toke of life.

At that moment, the equal union of yin and yang is radically altered, and the rest of that person’s life is spent chasing balance

Dis-Ease

Think about it. According to the Alexa on my desk: 

  • As a noun, ease is defined as freedom from labor, pain or physical annoyance, tranquil rest, comfort.
  • As a verb, it’s defined as to free from anxiety or care.
  • Throw “dis” in front of it, and there you go.

Now, I’m not betting my farm on Alexa being the all-knowing soothsayer that only spits truths, but if we can agree that her definition is close to accurate, then what is missing?

She never mentioned

  1. Proper diet
  2. Eight glasses of water a day
  3. Taking vitamins
  4. Don’t live next to a power plant.
  5. Using fluoride-free toothpaste 

The things that Alexa mentioned had to do with aspects of life perceived from the inside and the types of things we all hope to attain.

Her understanding of the second half of disease has to do with calm, stillness, and satisfaction at the moment

Good thing my Alexa and I are so tight because much of the Chinese Medical system is based on things like emotions, virtues, and the elements. Tie specifics to organs and what we have is an elegant way of looking at illness and the root cause of everything that delivers us to the waiting room of our favorite MD.

If ease’s opposite is centered on anxiety, discomfort, pain, and physical annoyance, can you start to put the picture together that much of our illnesses are rooted in emotional distress? 

Take that one giant step forward; if you become inundated with overbearing emotions, particularly one or two, that yin and yang balance is thrown into turmoil.

The longer you stay in imbalance, the richer the soil is to grow something terrible. I am simplifying this by leaps and bounds.

If I had absolute freedom to explain all of the correlations drawn between this organ, that meridian, and these emotions, I would be able to paint a clear picture for you. Just trust that it’s all there. 

The Noise of Life

I used the word noise because it captures an idea I hope you will grasp in this section.

The most centered person on earth is faced with the challenges of living this life in this time.

  • Take any monk-ish person on this planet, someone who has cultivated themselves with decades of committed practice to meditation, prayer (something we will visit in the third installment), and drop them in downtown Los Angeles.
  • Then, give them a cell phone, a corporate job, a bad diet, a new girlfriend, bills to pay, and a right knee giving him problems, and then watch all that work devolve before our eyes. 
  • See, the devout, the ones who have dedicated their lives to service, particularly service from a religious or spiritual angle, those folks go off to monasteries and seminaries and are effectively locked up and removed from society, so the noise of the day-to-day is filtered.
  • They can have the ideal conditions to work their craft. They aren’t anti-social; they create the best possible setting for deep introspection, study, and cultivation.

The best way to learn to fly is in an airplane. The best place to learn how to be a priest and be in service of God is in a monastery, away from society’s day-to-day

Now, if you are buying the whole yin and yang position, and we know that the only time in one’s life where balance is genuinely achieved is in the womb, then every second, we are boots on the ground in this world, we are chasing that balance.

I tell my patients that they will likely never achieve that absolute balance ever again unless they adopt some practice

Our lives Are a Yang Thunderstorm.

Think about that for a moment:

  • The hustle and grind of life
  • Our jobs 
  • Our relationships 
  • The garbage that the media is continuously trying to shovel down our throats, like our diets.
  • Everything we encounter in our waking times is stress.
  • And in the case of this article, we are having yang-type energy blasted at us and into our energetic field around the clock.

If we don’t have a solution to offset this continual inundation, our teardrops should be equal to each other and start morphing into something so one-sided that illness is destined to happen.

I want to leave you with this

And then we throw training on top of it. We intentionally add another yang activity into an already noisy day because we love it, and we think we are doing ourselves a favor.

Yes, our fitness is beneficial, our jeans look good, and I’ll be the first one to say that I go through a legit posing routine in the morning in the mirror right before brushing my teeth (quit lying, you do, too). We love our gym time, and we know it’s good for us. 

Or is it?  

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March 11, 2021

Understanding Metabolic Damage And Adaptation

The term metabolic damage has gained lots of traction over the years. Researchers1 initially observed a reduced metabolic rate in subjects who had lost a substantial amount of weight. This reduction is far from shocking since lowering an individual’s body weight will simultaneously reduce their energy demands.

However, what was unique in this case was that some individuals’ metabolic rates were far lower than what the researchers projected.

These findings became popular within various fitness circles and were quickly given the label of metabolic damage. However, at the moment, there isn’t any convincing evidence to support the existence of metabolic damage within this context. What researchers were observing is more accurately defined as metabolic adaptation and adaptive thermogenesis.1

During a period of caloric restriction accompanied by a reduction in body weight, your body undergoes several physiological changes to adapt to the changing environment—both internal and external.

Changes in Hormones Accompany Fat Loss

Leptin is a hormone whose primary function is regulating energy balance and maintaining bodyweight.

  • Often called the satiety hormone, it helps regulate an individual’s drive to consume food. Because leptin synthesizes in adipocytes, leptin is sensitive to body fat stores.2
  • When we lose body fat during a period of caloric restriction, serum leptin concentrations decrease. This reduction in leptin concentration accompanies a cascade of neurochemical alterations that can significantly increase hunger and reward-seeking behavior.3
  • Various other hormones, including the thyroid, are also impacted. The thyroid hormone has been demonstrated to be an essential variable in determining energy expenditure and Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).4

Observations show that fat loss during a sustained caloric deficit can reduce thyroid values, thereby decreasing basal BMR.5

Fat Loss Affects Physiological Energy Processes

Additionally, Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) synthesis becomes more efficient. Typically ATP synthesis is roughly 40% efficient, which means approximately 60% of energy is lost via thermogenesis.6 However, in low energy availability and reduced body fat, mitochondrial efficiency increases.

Proton leak, a process regulated by uncoupling proteins, causes energy to be lost as heat. But increased mitochondrial efficiency reduces proton leak and increases ATP synthesis as an adaptive response.7

We also see other aspects of our physiology, such as muscular work efficiency, increase as calories are restricted, and reduced weight.8

As these adaptations occur, we also see a reduction in Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT). This reduction is associated with spontaneous, nonexercise-related physical activity and accounts for most energy expenditure.9

Researchers have observed that caloric restriction and loss of body weight can reduce an individual’s NEAT significantly. Unfortunately, this is mainly unconscious, so there’s not much that you can do.

Adopting a daily step count is a common practice to keep an account of and regulate energy expenditure.

However, because this is for the explicit purpose of expending calories, it’s not technically NEAT. It’s exercise activity thermogenesis. But I digress.

Researchers have found that our bodies like consistency. Enter the settling point theory. As one paper described it,

“The set point model is rooted in physiology, genetics, and molecular biology, and suggests that there is an active feedback mechanism linking adipose tissue (stored energy) to intake and expenditure via a set point, presumably encoded in the brain.”10

Although this does not account for all relevant variables, it does explain to some degree the body’s desire to preserve homeostasis from the body weight and energy availability standpoint.

Essentially as energy availability from external, like food, and internal, as in body fat stores, sources decrease, our body tries to resist this change via several physiological and neurochemical changes.

As mentioned previously, changes in thyroid, leptin, and even increased hedonic dive for food are just some of the numerous adaptive responses.

As you reduce your body weight, the energy requirement for locomotion decreases accordingly.11 NEAT may vary between individuals of the same size by 2,000 kcal per day.12

In a previous article, I wrote for Kabuki Strength,

I mentioned “A paper by Rosenbaum and colleagues cited a reduction in Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) of 10-15% which was unexplained by body composition changes. Of this 10-15% reduction, roughly 85% could be explained by reductions in nonresting energy expenditure of which NEAT is the largest contributor.”13,14

Once we account for these changes, the vast majority of discrepancies are accounted for between estimated BMR and actual BMR.

So, is metabolic adaptation an issue? Absolutely. But does it suggest some form of damage? Well, at the moment, there doesn’t seem to be strong supporting evidence of this.

What can you do to manage some of these adaptive responses to maintain your new body weight composition successfully? One potential approach is utilizing a high energy flux approach.15

Increase Physical Activity

Researchers have consistently found that regular physical activity is strongly associated with successful weight management.

  • By increasing energy intake in proportion to energy expenditure, we can offset some of the adaptive responses of dieting and increase energy intake while staying within a predetermined bodyweight range.
  • Increasing calories can reduce hunger, improve the thermic effect of food, and help decay psychological fatigue accumulated throughout your diet.
  • Adopting a more gradual approach to weight loss such as 1% of your body weight loss per week may delay some of these adaptive responses since the acute change in energy availability is not dramatic.
  • Additionally, it’s important to establish clear timelines and end dates for your diet periods.
  • Dieting for more than three months is typically not recommended since you often see diminishing returns beyond that point.
  • Utilizing maintenance phases to slowly increase your energy intake while remaining weight stable will set you at a higher caloric starting point at the onset of the next diet phase.

Metabolic damage doesn’t appear to have strong supporting evidence at this time. What we typically observe instead is metabolic adaptation.

These adaptations are entirely reversible in the vast majority of cases.

When done correctly, dieting can be an important aspect of healthy eating and optimizing body composition.

References

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